From a diver's point of view, the typical coral reef is composed of three basic types of coral:- delicate flowerlike formations (called polyps) - soft or rubbery types - hard stony formations It is the last category, stony corals that can present a hazard to divers.

Certain species of the stony corals have razor sharp edges that can easily cut a diver's hand, knee, elbow or other part of the body. Some corals are so sharp they can actually penetrate a dive suit or a pair of gloves with just the slightest touch. The edges are so sharp they cut with the swiftness of a scalpel. Sometimes a diver does not realize the cut has occurred until surfacing after the dive and discovering that telltale trickle of blood.

Other species of stony corals, such as staghorn, have sharp, pointy tips that can puncture the skin and penetrate deep into the flesh. Such corals are often brittle and the tip can snap off and remain embedded in the skin.

Divers should regard coral cuts and punctures as serious wounds that require immediate attention. Cuts, lacerations and punctures can easily become infected in a tropical environment. They can become so painful that diving is no longer possible.

Should a coral cut or puncture occur, the wound should be cleaned with soap and water. Special care should be taken in examining the wound for any embedded coral particles. Thee must be removed. A topical antibiotic should be applied and the wound covered with an adhesive bandage Here are seven basic tips for avoiding coral cuts or punctures:

1) LEARN WHAT THEY LOOK LIKE: Identification is key to avoiding accidental contact. Obtain a reference book on marine life identification that clearly displays color photos of the many different coral species. If you intend to dive in Florida, Bahamas or Caribbean waters, you might want to obtain a copy of Reef Coral Identification by Paul Humann, published by New World Publications, Inc.

2) BECOME CORAL OBSERVANT AND AWARE: Once underwater, become aware of where the more hazardous corals are located. Most corals grow on the top and sides of the reef. However, they can also line the sides of crevices and tunnels. And cup corals often grow on the walls and ceilings of caves, as well as the interiors and undersides of old wrecks.

3) START WITH NEUTRAL BUOYANCY: Adjust your lead weights for neutral buoyancy before you head for the reef. If you are too heavy, you'll get dragged down to the reef. Attempting to control buoyancy by inflating and deflating your BC can be distracting - causing a reef collision. Starting with neutral buoyancy will allow you to trim with your breathing.

4) MAINTAIN A RESPECTFUL DISTANCE FROM THE REEF: The one drawback of neutral buoyancy is the tendency to drift sideways without noticing this subtle shift in position. You can avoid accidental coral collisions by maintaining a minimum 2 to 3 foot distance from the coral. It only takes a slight bump to cause a coral cut or scratch.

5) BE AWARE OF CURRENTS OR SURGE: Be alert for a current, especially a slight one. This invisible force can push into the reef before you realize what is happening. Surge is another hazard. Caused by ocean swells impacting the shallows, this powerful force can ram you into the coral in a matter of seconds. If you detect a surge, steer clear of the shallows.

6) WEAR A DIVE SUIT: You can help protect yourself from coral scratches and abrasions by wearing a full length, lightweight dive suit. It will save you from damage from mild bumps and scrapes. However, be aware that razor-like corals will still slice through a dive suit, and the same is true for punctures from sharp pointed corals.

7) DO NOT ATEMPT TO TOUCH THE CORAL: It never hurts to state the obvious. Refrain from the urge to reach out and touch the coral, no matter how innocent or beautiful it may appear to be. It is a natural tendency to reach out and touch the reef, but such action can lead to trouble. Keep in mind that immersion in seawater causes the skin to soften and that the slight contact can lead to cuts on the fingertips or palms of your hands.

Like most everything in diving, use common sense in planning or modifying your dive profile. For example, if you encounter sudden current or surge, increase the safety distance between you and the reef. If conditions are really bad, you may wish to abort the dive altogether.